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1. Texas Water Development Board (TWDB), "Conservation Storage Data for Selected
Major Texas Reservoirs," Water Conditions, September 1997. The Amistad and Falcon reservoirs along the U.S.-Mexico border were particularly hard hit by the drought, measuring in at 42 percent
and 11 percent of total storage capacity, respectively, in August 1996. In 1999, the Rio Grande was entering its sixth consecutive year of drought conditions.
2. TWDB, "Ground Water Levels in Observation Wells," Water Conditions, August 1996.
3. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC), Learning from the Drought (February 1997), 1.
4. TWDB, "The Drought in Perspective, 1996Ð1998," Water Conditions, March 1999, 1.
5. TWDB, "Conservation Storage Data for Selected Major Texas Reservoirs." However, drought conditions returned in 1998 for most areas.
6. An, acre-foot of water is equal to 325,851 gallons. This is an area about the size of a football field covered in one foot of water
7. Texas Water Commission (TWC), State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 11th ed. (1992), 8.
8. TNRCC, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory-1996, 13th ed. (1996), Waters of the State Table.
9. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (TCPA), Forces of Change: Shaping the Future of Texas, vol. 2, pt. 1 (November 1993), 413.
10. Texas Water Development Board, Water for Texas - 2002 (Austin, Texas: TWDB, January 2002), p. 18
11. TWDB, Water for Texas 1990, I-4.
12 Texas Water Development Board, "Summary Historical Water Use, 2000," 2003.
13. TWDB, "County Summary Historical Water Use" (1998).
14. It is important to differentiate between water withdrawals and water consumed. For example, the thermo-electric power generation sector withdraws about 40 to 45 percent of all water in Texas, but consumes only between 2 and 3 percent, since most is returned as streamflow. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), p. 272.
15. Ronald Kaiser, Handbook of Texas Water Law: Problems and Needs (College Station: Texas A&M University, 1987), 18Ð19.
16. TWC, Reallocating Surface Waters in Texas: Facilitating the Development of Water Markets
While Protecting the Public Interest (1992), 2.
17. TCPA, Forces of Change, vol. 2, pt. 1, 414.
18. TCPA, Forces of Change, vol. 2, pt. 1, 415.
19. The TNRCC has been attempting to hold public hearings to adjudicate the Upper Rio Grande water rights, but a lawsuit by the Bureau of Reclamation over ownership of the water rights in the reservoirs in New Mexico has held up the adjudication process.
20. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 6-11
21. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Active Water Rights Database, 2002
22. TNRCC "Water Rights Database."
23. TWDB, Water for Texas 1990, 1-8.
24. Mike Personett, TWDB, "Evolution of State Water Conservation Policy in Texas" (Paper
presented at Conserve 93, Las Vegas, December 1993), 5.
25. TWDB, Water for Texas Today and Tomorrow (June 1997), 2-29.
26. TWDB, Water for Texas 1997, 2-29.
27. William Goldfarb, Water Law (Stoneham, Mass: Butterworth, 1984).
28. TCPA, "Watershed Legislation: Texas Enacts First Statewide Water Management Plan," Fiscal Notes, September 1997, 8.
29. Houston & TC Railway v. East 98 Tex 146, 81 SW 279 (1904). This 1904 court case established that groundwater was equivalent to a property right. In 1999, in a case brought against Ozarka Spring Water Co., the Supreme Court of Texas again upheld the right of capture which allowed the water bottle company to continue to pump groundwater even though it drained local landowners' wells. "Cattle raisers welcome Supreme Court rule of capture decision," The Big Bend Sentinel (May 13, 1999), 9.
30. Ernest Smerdon, et. al., State Water Policies: A Study of Six States (New York: Praeger, 1988).
31. TWDB, Water for Texas 1990, 1-1.
32. See TNRCC, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory-1996, 13th ed.
33. Personett , TWDB, "Evolution of State Water Conservation Policy in Texas," 1.
34. Texas Water Development Board, Water for Texas - 2002 (Austin, Texas: TWDB, January 2002), p. 29.
35. Texas Water Development Board, "Summary Historical Water Use, 2000," 2003.
36. TWDB, Planning Division, "1995 Groundwater Pumpage Summary by Major Aquifers" (1997).
37. TWDB, "County Summary Historical Water Use, 2000" 2003
38. TWDB, "County Summary Historical Water Use, 2000" 2003
39. TWDB, Water for Texas 1997, 3-3.
40. Personett, TWDB, "Evolution of State Water Conservation Policy in Texas."
41. Personett, TWDB, "Evolution of State Water Conservation Policy in Texas."
42. TWDB, Surveys of Irrigation in Texas (January 1996), 6.
43., Texas Water Development Board, Surveys of Irrigation in Texas, Report 347, (Austin, TX: TWDB, August 2001), 8.
44. For example, between 1974 and 1994, cotton irrigated acres increased from 707,955 to
1,070,209 acres, pecans from 16,588 to 62,177 acres, and sugarcane from 36,748 to 50,121 acres. From TWDB, Surveys of Irrigation in Texas, 53.
45. Texas Water Development Board, "2001 Water Use Summary Estimates by City" (August 2003)
46. TWDB, "County Summary Historical Water Use."
47. Personett, TWDB. "Evolution of State Water Conservation Policy in Texas," 9.
48. Robert A. Collinge, "Let Market-Clearing Prices Prevent Urban Water Crisis." Paper presented at Headwater to Economic Growth: Market Solutions to Water Allocation in Texas, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, San Antonio, August 22, 1997. Collinge suggests two methods to introduce market-clearing prices to public utilities. One is through the distribution of an equal number of discount coupons that water customers can apply to their bills up to a certain amount of water. A customer who needs to use more water would simply "purchase" additional coupons. The utility would set the maximum number of coupons each month depending on water supply. Another method would set a baseline usage for each type of user, and then reward water frugal customers with rebates and charge water wasters with fees. The fees and rebates would cancel one another out.
49. TWDB, Water for Texas 1992: Today and Tomorrow (1992), 10-11.
50. TWDB, Water for Texas, 1990, 2-8.
51. TWDB, Water for Texas 1990, 2-8.
52. TWDB, Water For Texas 1990, 2-9.
53. Ric Jensen, "Indoor Water Conservation: Toilets, Shower Heads, Washing Machines and Faucets Can All Use Less Water," Texas Water Resources (College Station) 17, no. 4 (winter 1992), 1.
54. TWDB, Population and Water Use Web page (http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/www/twdb/popwuse.html), June 1997.
55. Jensen, "Indoor Water Conservation," 1.
56. Jensen, "Indoor Water Conservation," 1.
57. TWDB, A Homeowner's Guide to Water Use and Water Conservation, 3.
58. TWDB, "County Summary Historical Water Use."
59. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002 (January 2003), 34.)
60. TWDB, Texas Water Facts, 9.
61. TWDB, "Summary Manufacturing Water Use 1995."
62. Pequod Associates, Inc., Texas Industrial Water Usage Survey (Pequod Associates, Austin,
August 1993). This special survey conducted for the TWDB found that semiconductors had reduced their water use by 33 percent over the past few years.
63. 1994-1995 Texas Almanac (Dallas: Dallas Morning News, 1993), 118.
64. TPWD, "Environmental Target Flows," Web page (http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/conserve/sb2/enviro/enviro.htm), April 1999.
65. TWDB, Water for Texas 1997, 2-24.
66. Kevin Mayes, TPWD, phone interview with author, August 1994, Austin.
67. Mike Personett, TWDB, "Evolution of State Water Conservation Policy in Texas" (Las Vegas: Paper presented at Conserve 93, December 1993), 5.
68. TWDB, Water for Texas 1997, 3-3, and Water for Texas 1990, 3-3.
69. TWDB, Water For Texas 1997, 3-3.
70. TWDB, "Projections of Population and Water Use" (1997).
71. Jan Gersten, "Rainwater Harvesting: A New Water Source," Water Savers 3, no. 2.
72. TWDB and Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems, Texas Guide to Rainwater
Harvesting, 2d ed. (Austin: TWDB, 1997), 2.
73. TWDB, Water For Texas 1997, 3-4.
74. TWDB, Water for Texas 1997, 3-93.
75. Janice Bezanson, Texas Committee on Natural Resources, interview by author, April 1994, Austin.
76. "Water Thrifty Landscapes: Low Maintenance, Attractive and Easy on the Environment," Water Savers 3, no. 3.
77. Information for this section is from TWDB, Water for Texas 1997; TWDB, "County Summary
Historical Water Use"; TNRCC, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory-1996, 13th ed.
78. TNRCC, Water Quality Assessment of the Rio Grande (1996), Appendix B.
79. TWDB, Texas Water Facts, 12.
80. TWDB, Water for Texas 1997, 3-33.
81. 1994-1995 Texas Almanac, 84.
82. TCPA, Forces of Change 2, no. 1: 415.
83. TWDB, Water for Texas 1997, 3-26Ð3-29.
84. TWDB, Water for Texas 1997, 3-20.
85. All proposed reservoirs must undergo a federal permitting process to protect wetlands and environmental habitats.
86. This section is based on information from various sources, including: TWDB, Texas Water Facts; TWDB, Water for Texas, 1992; and Mark Jordan, Director, Water Policy Division, TNRCC, October, 1993, "Alternative Water Development Strategies," TNRCC internal memo.
87. TWDB, Texas Water Facts, 13.
88. TWDB, Desalination in Texas: A Status Report (1992).
89. Ric Jensen, "Does Weather Modification Really Work?" Texas Water Resources (College Station) 20, no. 2 (summer 1995).
90. Texas Water Resources Institute, "Houston Partnership Nets 72 Percent Water Cut," Water Savers 3, no. 3.)
91. Texas Water Development Board, Water for Texas 1997, 3-17.
92. Texas Water Development Board, "Summary Historical Water Use, 2000," 2003
93. Texas Water Development Board, "Summary Historical Water Use, 2000," 2003.
94. Texas Water Development Board, Water for Texas -- 2002 (Austin: TWDB, January 2002)
95. Texas Water Development Board, Surveys of Irrigation in Texas, Report 347, (Austin,
TX: TWDB, August 2001), 5 and Table 4
96. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002 (January 2003), 29; and "2001 Water Use Survey Summary," August 2003
97. Texas Water Development Board, "2001 Water Use Summary Estimates by City" (August 2003)
98. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002 (January 2003), 31
99. TWDB, "2001 Water Use Survey Summary Estimates," August 2003
100. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002 (January 2003), 35.
101. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002 (January 2003), 34.
102.. Texas Water Development Board, Summary Historical Water Use 1990, 1995 and 2000.
103. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002, 61.).
104. Texas Water Matters Website "Environmental Water Needs," http://www.texaswatermatters.org/environment.htm, accessed September 2003.
105. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002, page 25.)
106. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002, page 29
107. TWDB, Draft 2006 Regional Water Plan Demand Projections, March 2003, Available on Website).
108. Lone Star Sierra Club, "Water Planners Review Projections for Future Water Demands," Lone Star Sierran (Summer 2003), 12).
109. Laura Ball and Mary Kelly, Irrigation Demand in Texas: An Analysis of Methodologies to Predict Irrigation Trends, Environmental Defense, 2003).
110. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002, p. 43
111. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002, p. 49
112. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002, p. 121
113. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 2002, page 79
114. TWDB, Water for Texas -- 1997, Table 3-3
115. Texas Water Development Board, Water for Texas -- 2002, 48
116. TWDB, Water for Texas --2002, 70
117. TWDB, Water for Texas --2002, 76) In addition to the recommendations made by the
Planning Groups, the TWDB has recommended that more attention be placed on moving "uncommitted" water from North-East Texas to the Houston Area, to recharging the Ogallala Aquifer through
modification of Playa Recharge Lakes and to additional desalination in the El Paso area
118. TWDB, Water for Texas --2002, 82-85
119. Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board and Texas Water Development Board, An
Assessment of Water Conservation in Texas: Prepared for the 78th Texas Legislature (2003), 4)
120. Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board and Texas Water Development Board, An
Assessment of Water Conservation in Texas: Prepared for the 78th Texas Legislature (2003), 13-14)
121. TWDB and Center for Maximum Potential Business Systems, Texas Guide to Rainwater
Harvesting, 2nd Edition (Austin: TWDB, 1997), Available at http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/assistance/conservation/Downloads/RainHarv.pdf).
122. TWDB and Center for Maximum Potential Business Systems, Texas Guide to Rainwater
Harvesting, 2nd Edition (Austin: TWDB, 1997), Available at http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/assistance/conservation/Downloads/RainHarv.pdf)
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