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1. The first water pollution legislation—the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of
1948—required states to locate these polluters, and billions of dollars of public money was spent, with little result. See Andrew Dzurick, Water Resources Planning (Savage, Md.: Rowman
and Littlefield, 1990), 56.
2. Dzurick, Water Resources Planning, 56.
3. American Rivers, North America's Most Endangered and Threatened Rivers of 1993 (Washington, D.C., 1993), Executive Summary.
4. Joseph Petulla, American Environmental History (Columbus, Ohio: Merill Publishing, 1988), 413.
5. TNRCC, Texas Water Quality: A Summary of River Basin Assessments (December 1996), 15–16.
6. TNRCC, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 13th ed. (December 1996), 27.
(Hereinafter cited as Water Quality Inventory—1996.)
7. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 27.
8. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 30.
9. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 30.
10. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 12-8.
11. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 35.
12. EPA, Environmental Investments: The Costs of a Clean Environment (Washington, D.C.,
November 1990), as reported in U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), Environmental Infrastructure: Effects of Limits on Certain Tax-Exempt Bonds (Washington, D.C., October 1993), 18–20.
13. Raymond Gabler and the Editors of Consumer Reports Books, Is Your Water Safe To Drink?
(Mt. Vernon, N.Y.: Consumers Union, 1988), 21.
14. EPA, Is Your Drinking Water Safe? (Washington, D.C., September 1991), 4.
15. EPA, Water on Tap: A Consumer's Guide to the Nation's Drinking Water (Washington, D.C., 1997), 3.
16. EPA, Safe Drinking Water Act: Phase II Fact Sheet (Washington, D.C., January 1991), 2.
17. Laura Koesters, Director, Office of Water Resources Management, TNRCC, interview by author, February, 1994, Austin.
18. TNRCC, Legislation of Interest to TNRCC: 75th Legislature (August 1997), 31.
19. TNRCC, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th ed. (1995), 14. (Hereinafter
cited as Water Quality Inventory—1994.)
20. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1994, 14.
21. Clean Water Act of 1972.
22. TNRCC, 1998 State of Texas Water Quality Inventory for Planning Basin Groups B and C (1998), 1.
23. TNRCC, "Texas' Future: Clean Rivers Run through It," National Outlook, (Spring 1998), 11.
24. See EPA, Water Quality Standards Handbook (Washington, D.C., 1993). Texas Antidegradation
Policy is contained in 30 Texas Administrative Code 307.5.
25. EPA, Region VI, information provided to author, July 1994.
26. Texas' coastal resources are discussed later in this chapter.
27. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory and 303D List, September 2002, 8-3.
28. TNRCC, 1996 Texas Water Quality Inventory, and TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory and 303D List,
September 2002, 8-4.
29. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory and 303D List, September 2002, 9-6.
30. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 168.
31. TCEQ, 2002 Draft 303(d) List, October 1, 2002.
32. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, 2002, 9-5.
33. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 15-15.
34. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, 2002, 8-18.
35. Texas Engineering and Extension Service, Texas A&M University System, Basic
Wastewater Operation (College Station, 1994), 4-2.
36. Texas Engineering and Extension Service, Basic Wastewater Operation, 4-5.
37. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 15-13.
38. There are 0.133 cubic feet in a gallon of water; Texas Stadium is 792 feet long, 633 feet
wide, and 208 feet tall, or approximately 104.2 million cubic feet; about 8.2 billion cubic feet of wastewater is discharged every day.
39. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 15-13.
40. TNRCC, Legislation of Interest to TNRCC: 75th Legislature (August 1997), 31.
41. TNRCC, "The New Texas Environment: The State of Our Land, Air, and Water in 1994," The
Texas Environment (spring 1994), 9.
42. TNRCC, "The New Texas Environment: The State of Our Land, Air, and Water in 1994," 9.
43. For example, in FY 1995 the Industrial Permits Team of the TNRCC processed 171 applications, while the Municipal Permits Team processed 486 applications. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 304.
44. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 289.
45. Texas Engineering and Extension Service, Basic Wastewater Operation, 4-10.
46. Vickie Reat, Toxicity Evaluation Team Leader, TNRCC, interview by author, February 1994, Austin.
47. EPA, Toxics Release Inventory: Public Data Release (Washington, D.C., April 1994), 14–16.
48. It is important to note that the TRI data under-represents the problem of toxic chemical
releases because only large manufacturers and processors are required to report to the state. Agricultural operations, gas stations, vehicles, incinerators, hazardous landfills, and other
producers of toxics are not required to submit information. In addition, enforcement is lax and many facilities do not report , and many toxics recognized as known or probable carcinogens are
not included in the list of some 650 toxic chemicals. (Texas Citizens Action, Poisons in Our Neighborhoods: Toxic Pollution in Texas, September 1992, 4–5).
49. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999 Toxics Release Inventory, TRI Explorer, July 2001.
50. TNRCC, Toxics Release Inventory Program, Office of Pollution Prevention and Recycling,
TNRCC, information provided by electronic file transfer, July 1998.
51. EPA, 1997 Toxics Release Inventory, Table 2-4.
52. TNRCC, file transfer, July 1998.
53. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 15-13.
54. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1994, 256.
55. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 297.
56. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 302; TNRCC, Final Annual Enforcement Report,
Fiscal Year 1997 (December 17, 1997), Tables 6 and 7.
57. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 298.
58. TWDB, Water and Wastewater Needs of Colonias in Texas: 1996 Update (1997), 3.
59. TWDB, Economically Distressed Areas Program Status Report, as of May 31, 2003, Table 1.
60. For a good discussion of alternative systems used in Texas see Michael Barret and Joseph
Malina, Wastewater Treatment Systems for Small Communities: A Guide for Local Government Officials (Center for Research in Water Resources, University of Texas at Austin, September 1991).
61. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, International Boundary and Water Commission Sanitation Issues (Fort Worth, September 1992).
62. North American Development Board, Annual Public Session, 1998 (San Antonio, January 22,
1998), Project Reviews.
63. World Resources Institute, The 1992 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 1992), 90.
64. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 330.
65. TNRCC, Texas Water Quality: A Summary of River Basin Assessments (December 1996), 5.
66. The ordinance in Austin known as the Save Our Springs (SOS) ordinance was passed by
voters in 1992. There is, however, considerable opposition to the ordinance. Opponents predicted that the ordinance would curtail economic development by burdening businesses wanting to
develop within the watershed and recharge zones. These opponents argued that limits on development should be linked to technical pollution-control equipment and to the actual pollution caused
by development, not to the amount of impervious cover. The SOS ordinance is being and has been challenged in a number of court cases throughout the Austin area.
67. TNRCC, Clean Water for Texas: Solving Water Quality Problems (September 1997), Table 1.
68. For example, the 2002 Water Quality Inventory attributes 17 percent of the impaired miles
of streams and rivers to non-point source pollution from agriculture. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 8-5.
69. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 304.
70. John M. Sweeten, Charles Baird, and Leah Manning, Animal Waste Management, Agricultural
and Silviculture Non-Point Source Pollution Management, # L-5043 (Temple: Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board and Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 1991), 1.
71. Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board, A Comprehensive Study of Texas Watersheds
and Their Impacts on Water Quality and Water Quantity (Temple, Texas, 1991), 149.
72. Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board, A Comprehensive Study of Texas Watersheds
and Their Impacts on Water Quality and Water Quantity, 150.
73. Information from TNRCC, Annual Enforcement Reports, as reported in Mary Kelly, Environmental Enforcement in
Texas: A Review of Trends and Issues (Austin: Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 2003), Appendix.
74. Information from TNRCC, Annual Enforcement Reports, as reported in Mary Kelly,
Environmental Enforcement in Texas: A Review of Trends and Issues (Austin: Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 2003), Appendix.
75. Stephen Ligon, Texas Water Commission, "Water Quality Permitting: Stormwater," Paper presented at the Environmental Trade Fair, Austin, April 7, 1993.
76. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 331.
77. Arthur Tally, Watershed Management Division, TNRCC, interview by author, February 1994, Austin.
78. TNRCC, Legislation of Interest to TNRCC: 75th Legislature, 30. HB 1190 was passed by the
75th Legislature and is referred to as the Water Quality in Watersheds Bill.
79. TNRCC, "Texas' Future: Clean Rivers Run through It," 11.
80. TNRCC, 1998 State of Texas Reservoir Water Quality Assessment (December 1998).
81. Texas Water Commission, Summary Report: Regional Assessments of Water Quality Pursuant to
the Texas Clean Rivers Act (December 1992), 12.
82. TNRCC, Texas Water Quality: A Summary of River Basin Assessments, 15.
83. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 227.
84. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1994, 181.
85. TNRCC, Texas Water Quality: A Summary of River Basin Assessments, 19–111.
86. TNRCC, 1996 Regional Assessment of Water Quality in the River Grande Basin (October 1996), 40.
87. TNRCC, draft copy of vol. 2 of Phase II of Binational Rio Grande Toxic Substances Study (May 1997), 7.
88. TNRCC, draft copy of vol. 2 of Phase II of Binational Rio Grande Toxic Substances Study, 9.
89. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 8-35)
90. EPA, Lower Rio Grande Valley: Environmental Monitoring Study (Washington, D.C., June 1994), 20.
91. Richard Thompson, Texas Department of Health, interview by author, February 1994.
92. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1994, 173. Segments where whole fish tissue has shown
levels of concern for PCBs include the Sabine River above Toledo Bend Reservoir; the Trinity River below Lake Livingston; Lake Livingston; the West Fork of the Trinity River below Lake Worth;
the Concho River; the Upper San Antonio River; the Arroyo Colorado above Tidal; the Houston Ship Channel; and the Corpus Christi Inner Harbor.
93. TNRCC, Texas Water Quality: A Summary of River Basin Assessments, section on Sabine River.
94. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 217.
95. Texas Water Development Board, "County Summary Historical Water Use, 2000," 2003
96. Texas Ground Water Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination
Report—1997 (Austin: TNRCC, June 1998), 7.
97. Texas Ground Water Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—2002 (Austin: TCEQ, 2003), p.11)
98. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 258.
99. Texas Ground Water Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—1996, 5.
100. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, 2003, 48)
101. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—1997, 42.
102. TCEQ, Leaking Petroleum Storage Database, 2002. Query run in 2003)
103. Tom Lewis, Petroleum Storage Tank Division, TNRCC, interview by author, February 1994, Austin.
104. Dan Neal, Reimbursements Section, Petroleum Storage Tank Division, TNRCC, phone
interview with author, January 21, 1998. According to Neal, the TNRCC will cover most costs of cleanup, although the agency will fund the required clean-up only to appropriate health-based
levels. If an owner wishes to clean up to higher-quality levels, however, for liability or other reasons, that cost cannot be reimbursed. In addition, there is an insurance deductible that
the TNRCC will not cover, which has worked out to about 15 percent of clean-up costs.
105. Tom Lewis, Petroleum Storage Tank Division, TNRCC, interview by author, February 1994, Austin.
106. TCEQ, Legislative Appropriations Request, FY 2004 and 2005, 2002, Legislative Budget Board, Conference Committee Report for HB 1, 2003)
107. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—1997, 45.
108. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, (TCEQ, 2003), 53).
109. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, (TCEQ, 2003), 47)
110. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination
Report—1996, Table I.
111. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring Report -- 2002, 2003, 68)
112. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, 2003, 64.
113. Ginn, letter to author, January 30, 1998.
114. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, 2003, 41
115. Ginn, letter to author, January 30, 1998.
116. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—1966, 50.
117. For example, over the 1970s, Hidalgo County shifted 20 square miles of rural citrus lands to urban use. Charles Ellard and J. Michael Patrick, "Changing Land Use Patterns in the Lower Rio Grande Valley: A Case Study of Cameron and Hidalgo Counties," Journal of Borderland Studies 3, no. 2: 57.
118. Texas Water Commission, Groundwater Quality of Texas: An Overview of Natural and
Man-Affected Conditions, Report 89-01 (March 1989), 161–165.
119. Texas Water Commission, Ground-Water Quality of Texas, 113.
120. TNRCC, Legislation of Interest to TNRCC: 75th Legislature, 34.
121. Steve Wiley, Water Well Drillers Board, TNRCC, interview by author, March, 1994, Austin.
122. TWDB, Water for Texas 1990, 1-9.
123. Ginn, letter to author, January 30, 1998.
124. Ginn, letter to author, January 30, 1998.
125. Robert Bryce, "More Precious than Oil," Texas Monthly, February 1991, 108.
126. Ginn, letter to author, January 30, 1998.
127. Robert Bryce, "More Precious than Oil," 109.
128. State Bar of Texas Environmental Law Journal 25 (1994): 65–66.
129. Ginn, letter to author, January 30, 1998.
130. Ginn, letter to author, January 30, 1998.
131. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—1997, 55.
132. The case against the CAFO, San Angelo Feedyards, was referred to the TNRCC Enforcement
Division in 1995. Despite some progress made by the facility in operating its facility, groundwater contamination from high nitrates continues to be a problem, and as of 1998 the TNRCC was
still pursuing an enforcement strategy. Claudia Chaffin, Water Section, Enforcement Division, TNRCC, phone interview by author, January 20, 1997.
133. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 255.
134. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, page 56).
135. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—1996, 65.
136. EPA, Water on Tap, 1.
137. Texas Ground Water Protection Committee, Texas Ground Water Protection Strategy (Austin:
Texas Water Commission, January 1988), 49.
138. EPA, "How Safe Is my Drinking Water?," in Water on Tap, 3.
139. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—1997, 49.
140. TNRCC, Water Utilities Division, Draft Summary of Public Drinking Water Synthetic Organic Chemical (Pesticide) Sampling (December 1997).
141. EPA, Safe Drinking Water Information System, 1994.
142. Clean Water Network, Texas Waters section in A Prescription for Clean Water: How to Meet the Goals of the Clean Water Act (Washington, D.C., October 1997).
143. TNRCC, Final Annual Enforcement Report: Fiscal Year 1997 (December 17, 1997), 5.
144. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 5-3.
145. Water Utilities Division, TNRCC, electronic information provided to author, December 1997.
146. EPA, Is Your Drinking Water Safe? 6.
147. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 1993), 69.
148. Tony Bennet, Water Utilities Division, TNRCC, interview by author, March 1994, Austin.
149. TNRCC, The Texas Environment (Spring 1994), 10.
150. Water Utilities Division, TNRCC, electronic file provided to author, March 1998, Austin.
151. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 5-7.
152. Robert Perciaspe, EPA, "Memorandum on Safe Drinking Water Act Amendment to Public Water System Definition," December 6, 1996.
153. Doug Halcomb, Water Utilities Division, TNRCC, phone interview by author, January 1998.
154. TNRCC, Final Annual Enforcement Report: Fiscal Year 1997, Tables 1-12.
155. EPA, "How Will I Know if My Drinking Water Remains Safe in the Future?" Water on Tap, 1.
156. Gabler et al., Is Your Water Safe To Drink? 330–333.
157. Sam Howe Verhovek, "A Few Cities See a Profit in Bottling L'Eau de Tap," New York Times, August 6, 1997, A10.
158. Verhovek, "A Few Cities See a Profit in Bottling l'Eau de Tap," A10.
159. EPA, "What Can I Do If There Is a Problem with My Drinking Water?" In Water on Tap, 1.
160. Texas Ground Water Protection Committee, Ground Water Protection Strategy (Austin: Texas
Water Commission, January 1988), 57.
161. TNRCC. Water Quality Inventory—1994; Texas Water Commission, internal memo, "Wellhead Protection Program," (1992), 1.
162. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Estuaries of the United States: Vital
Statistics of a Natural Resource Base (Dockville, Md.: Strategic Assessment Branch, Ocean Assessments Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1990).
163. Randy Lee Loftus, "Texas Beaches Draw Big Pollution and Big Profits," Dallas Morning
News, November 24, 1991, 13.
164. TCEQ, 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, Tables 10-3 and 11-6.
165. Larry McKinney, "Why Bays Matter: Texas Needs Bays, and Texas Bays Need Fresh Water,"
Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine, July 2003, p. 24.
166. Larry McKinney, "Why Bays Matter: Texas Needs Bays, and Texas Bays Need Fresh Water,"
Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine, July 2003, p. 24.
167. Larry McKinney, "Why Bays Matter: Texas Needs Bays, and Texas Bays Need Fresh Water,"
Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine, July 2003, p. 24.
168. Texas Department of Transportation, The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway in Texas (1996), I-7.
169. GLO, Texas Coastal Management Program (1995), II-51.
170. TWDB, Population Projections 2020, 2000 State Water Plan.
171. D. W. Moulton, T. E. Dahl, and D. M. Dall, Texas Coastal Wetlands; State and Trends,
Mid-1950s to Early 1990s (Albuquerque: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997), 6.
172. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, International Boundary and Water Commission Sanitation Issues, 14
173. Greg Pollock, Deputy Commissioner, Letter to Cyrus Reed, Texas Center for Policy Studies, Texas General Land Office, September 11, 2003).
174. TCEQ, 2002 Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, Table 10-2.
175. Greg Pollock, Deputy Commissioner, Letter to Cyrus Reed, Texas Center for Policy Studies, Texas General Land Office, September 11, 2003).
176. Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program, "Red Tide—Unwelcome Visitor to the
Coastal Bend," Around the Bend: News of the Coastal Bend's Bays and Estuaries 3, no. 3 (Summer 1997), 4.
177. Michael Satchell, "The Cell from Hell," U.S. News and World Report, July 28, 1997, 26.
178. Satchell, "The Cell from Hell," 28.
179. Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program, "Red Tide—Unwelcome Visitor to the Coastal Bend," 4.
180. "Red Tide Frequently Asked Questions," Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Web
page (http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us).
181. Satchell, "The Cell from Hell," 26.
182. TPWD Web page (http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us). The Web page has a link to an update on the
occurrence of red tide from TPWD biologists working along the shore.
183. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 225–226.
184. TCEQ, 2002 Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 10-10.
185. Galveston National Estuary Program, Characterization of Non-Point Sources and Loadings
to Galveston Bay (Houston, March 1992), 53; The Galveston Bay Plan: The Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the Galveston Bay Estuary (Houston, 1994), xiii.
186. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 188.
187. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 196.
188. EPA, National Estuary Program: Bringing Our Estuaries New Life, Web page (http:/www.epa.gov/nep), 1997.
189. Coastal Bend Bays and Estuaries Program, Coastal Bend Bays Plan (TNRCC, August 1998).
190. GLO, Texas Coastal Wetlands, 9.
191. TCEQ, 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 12-8.
192. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Report to Congress on the Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States 1986 to 1997, Summary Findings). The report found that between 1986 and 1997 a net of 644,000 acres of wetlands was lost.
193. Tolman, "How We Achieved No Net Loss," 19.
194. Tolman, "How We Achieved No Net Loss," 20.
195. Moulton et al., Texas Coastal Wetlands: State and Trends, 5.
196. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Forces of Change, vol. 2 (November 1993), 421.
197. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996.
198. GLO, Texas Coastal Management Program, II-2.
199. Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, The State of the Bay: A Characterization of the
Galveston Bay Ecosystem, GBNEP-44 (Austin, 1994), 232.
200. Moulton et al., Texas Coastal Wetlands: State and Trends, 13.
201. Millicent Quammen and Christopher Onuf, "Laguna Madre: Seagrass Change Continue Decades
after Salinity Reduction," Estuaries 16: 302–310.
202. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth Office, "404 Permits in 1993," information provided to author, 1994.
203. TNRCC, Water Quality Inventory—1996, 197.
204. GLO, EnviroNomics 2, no. 3 (winter 1993): 4–5.
205. GLO, EnviroNomics 2, no. 3 (winter 1993): 3.
206. GLO, EnviroNomics 2, no. 3 (winter 1993): 3.
207. GLO, Oil Spill Prevention and Response, information provided to author, November 6, 1997.
208. Greg Pollock, Oil Spill Prevention and Response, GLO, phone interview by author, January 27, 1998.
209. Pollock, Oil Spill Prevention and Response, GLO, phone interview by author, January 27, 1998.
210. Oil and Gas Journal, July 23, 1993.
211. US EPA, 2001 Toxic Release Inventory, Query run on TriExplorer, 2003.
212. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 1-7.
213. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 1-8.
214. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 1-12.
215. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 8-47-49.
216. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 9-4.
217. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 4-27.
218. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 8-49.
219. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 4-29.
220. Border Environment Cooperation Commission and North American Development Bank, Joint Status Report: March 31, 2003.
221. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas 303 (D) List, October 1, 2002.
222. TCEQ, Draft 2002 303(d) List, October 1, 2002.
223. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, 2002, 8-21.
224. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory, 8-18.
225. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory,13-6.
226. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory,13-15.
227. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory,8-18.
228. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory,9-16.
229. TDH, Shellfish Safety Division, 2002 Fish Consumption Advisories and Bans, Information from website (www.tdh.state.tx.us).
230. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 15-13.
231. TNRCC, Annual Enforcement Reports as reported in Texas Center for Policy Studies, Environmental Enforcement in Texas: A Review of Trends and Issues, February 2003, p. 21.
232. TNRCC, Annual Enforcement Reports as reported in Texas Center for Policy Studies, Environmental Enforcement in Texas: A Review of Trends and Issues, February 2003, Appendix A.
233. See TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory and 303D List, September 2002, 8-10 for a full list of streams and rivers with depressed dissolved oxygen concentration concerns.
234. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, 15-17.
235. TCEQ, Composted Manure Incentive Project, Information from website (www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/water/quality/nps/compost/index.html).
236. TNRCC, 1999 NPS Assessment and Management Plan, (Austin, TX: TNRCC, 2000), 3-36.
237. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 15-13.
238. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, TRI Database, Query Run on Triexplorer, 2003.
239. TCEQ, Information from website "MS4 Stormwater Permits," 2003.
240. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 15-13.
241. TNRCC, Annual Enforcement Reports, various years as reported in Mary Kelly, Environmental Enforcement in Texas: A Review of Trends and Issues (Austin, TX: Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 2003), Appendix.
242. US Environmental Protection Agency, "List of Drinking Water Contaminants and MCLs," Information from website, (www.epa.gov/OGWDW/mcl.html), July, 2003.
243. TCEQ, 2002 Draft Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 5-3.
244. US EPA, "Implementation Guidance for the Arsenic Rule and Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Contaminants Monitoring," August 2002.
245. US EPA, The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Program: Financing America's Drinking Water From the Source to the Tap: Report to Congress, May 2003, executive summary.
246. US EPA, The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Program: Financing America's Drinking Water From the Source to the Tap: Report to Congress, May 2003, Appendix.
247. US EPA, 2000 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report, July 2002, Page 4.
248. US EPA, 2000 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report, July 2002, Appendix A.
249. Editorial "Dirty Water: Quality is as Important as Availability," Dallas Morning News, June 30th, 2003.
250. U.S. EPA, 2000 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report, July 2002, 6.
251. US EPA, The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund Program: Financing America's Drinking Water From the Source to the Tap: Report to Congress, May 2003, Executive Summary.
252. TCEQ, Source Water Protection Program, Information from website (www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/permitting/waterperm/pdw/swap/swp.html).
253. U.S. EPA, State of Texas 2000 PWS Compliance Report, July 2002.
254. Dirty Water: Quality is as Important as Availability, Dallas Morning News, June 30, 2003.
255. Information from TNRCC, Annual Enforcement Report, as reported in Mary Kelly, Environmental Enforcement in Texas: A review of trends and issues, (Austin: Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 2003, Appendix A.
256. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Water Quality Inventory and 303-D List, September 2002, 9-6.
257. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census.
258. TCEQ, 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 12-3.
259. TCEQ, 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 12-3.
260. TCEQ, 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 12-3.
261. White, William, Thomas Tremblay, Rachel Waldinger and Thomas Calnan, "Status and Trends of Wetland and Aquatic Habitats on Texas Barrier Islands, Matagorda Bay to San Antonio Bay" Texas General Land Office, 2002, pp. 5-8).
262. Kevin Carmody, "Redifining Wetlands," Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine, July 2003, 15.
263. Texas General Land Office, Texas Wetland Information Network, http://www.glo.state.tx.us/wetnet/index.html.
264. TCEQ, 2002 Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 10-3.
265. TCEQ, 2002 Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, Table 10-3.
266. TCEQ, 2002 Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 10-9.
267. TCEQ, 2002 Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 10-14.
268. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Red Tide Updates, July 26, 2002 Update, Information from Website (http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fish/recreat/tideup.htm).
269. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Golden Alga in Texas, Status Report -- March 3, 2003, Available at http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/news/news/algae/index.html.
270. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Red Tide Updates, July 26, 2002 Update, Information from Website (http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/fish/recreat/tideup.htm).
271. TCEQ, 2002 Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, Table 11-1.
272. Texas GLO, Coastal Erosion Planning & Response Act: Report to the 78th Legislature, March 2003, Appendix C and D.
273. Oden, Michael, Kent Butler and Robert Paterson, Draft Economic Assessment of Erosion Control Projects Under the Coastal Erosion Planning and Response Act (CEPRA), March 2002.
274. TCEQ, 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 12-10.
275. Kevin Carmody, "Redifining Wetlands," Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine, July 2003, 16.
276. Federal Register, Volume 67, No. 30, Pages 6692-6695, February 13, 2002.
277. Jeffrey Saitas, Executive Director, Letter to Brigadier General David Melcher, April 4, 2002.
278. TCEQ, 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 10-17 -- 10-20.
279. TCEQ, 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 10-29.
280. Justin Taylor, Murky Waters: Industrial Dairies & the Failure to Regulate (Austin, TX: Lone Star Chapter of Sierra Club, 2003), 2
281. Justin Taylor, Murky Waters: Industrial Dairies & the Failure to Regulate (Austin, TX: Lone Star Chapter of Sierra Club, 2003), 23-25
282. Texas Water Development Board, "County Summary Historical Water Use, 2000," 2003)
283. Texas Ground Water Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report—2002 (Austin: TCEQ, 2003), 64.)
284. Footnote: TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 14-13).
285. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 14-16)
286. TCEQ, Draft 2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory, September 2002, 14-21 - 14-22).
287. TCEQ, Legislative Appropriations Request, FY 2004 and 2005, 2002)
288. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring Report -- 2002, 2003, 66).
289. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency, "Texas Coal Statistics, 1990-99."
290. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring Report -- 2002,
2003, 66). While the Railroad Commission requires th
291. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, 2003, 65).
292. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, 2003, 44).
293. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater and Contamination Report -- 2002, 2003, 65).
294. Railroad Commission of Texas, Oil Field Cleanup Program Annual Report, 2002 (RCT: 2003), 10)
295. Railroad Commission of Texas, Oil Field Cleanup Program Annual Report, 2002 (RCT: 2003), 17.)
296. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report -- 2002, (TCEQ, 2003), 41).
297. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, "State and Federal Superfund Sites in Texas," http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/gis/sites.html).
298. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination
Report -- 2002, (TCEQ, 2003), 52).
299. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination
Report -- 2002, (TCEQ, 2003), 38.)
300. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination
Report -- 2002, (TCEQ, 2003), 40). These sources of groundwater contamination are more fully discussed in the Industrial Waste and Municipal Waste chapters
301. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination
Report -- 2002, page 45.
302. TCEQ, Annual Enforcement Report, as cited in Mary Kelly, Environmental Enforcement: A
Review of Trends and Issues, Texas Center for Policy Studies, 2003, Appendix A).
303. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "FY 2002 Water System Data By State", SDWIS/FED Database, 2003.)
304. TCEQ, "Water Quality in Private/Domestic Wells," Unpublished, 2003)
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