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1. Alston Chase, Playing God in Yellowstone: The Destruction of America's First National Park (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1987), 15.
2. Paul Ehrlich, Gretchen C. Daily, Scott C. Daily, Norman Myers, and James Salzman, "No
Middle Way on the Environment," Atlantic Monthly, December 1997.
3. World Resources Institute, World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment, 1996-97
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 247.
4. Stephanie R. Flack and Bruce Stein, 1997 Species Report Card: The State of U.S. Plants and
Animals (Arlington, Va.: The Nature Conservancy, 1997), 12.
6. Paul Ehrlich, et al., "No Middle Way on the Environment."
7. Kathryn Kohn, ed., Balancing on the Brink of Extinction (Washington, D.C.: Island Press,
for the Defenders of Wildlife, 1991), 10.
8. Reed Noss, "From Endangered Species to Biodiversity," in Balancing on the Brink of
Extinction, ed. Kathryn Kohn (Washington D.C.: Island Press, 1991), 227-230.
9. Endangered Species Act of 1973 16 U.S. C.A.
10. Endangered Species Act of 1973.
11. Endangered Species Act of 1973, 1531 to 1544.
12 . E.O. Wilson, Diversity of Life (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 345.
13. Candidate species are taxa that are being considered for listing as endangered or
threatened, but have not been the subject of a proposal rule. Federal candidate species may receive discretionary protection.
14. United States Public Interest Research Group (PIRG) and Sierra Club, Wildlife Need Wild
Places: The State of Disappearing Species and Their Habitat (Washington, D.C., September 1997), 22.
15. Though the species themselves can be protected by restricting uses of both private and
public lands, there has been judicial dispute over whether Congress intended for the term "taking" to include destruction or alteration of habitat on which species depend. In the 1995 Supreme
Court case Babbit vs. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for Greater Oregon, the court concluded that the regulations developed under the Endangered Species Act included protection from
habitat destruction, which is the major cause of species extinction on nonfederal lands.
16. U.S. PIRG and Sierra Club, Wildlife Need Wild Places, 23.
17. Sybil Vosler, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Austin, phone interview with authors, January 5, 1998.
18. Endangered Species Act of 1973, 1532.
19. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Critical Habitat (Austin, n.d.).
20. According to an analysis of U.S. Fish and Wildlife data compiled in 1993, of the
endangered and threatened species found entirely on federal land, approximately 18 percent are judged to be improving, and the ratio of declining species to improving species is approximately
1.5 to 1. On the other hand, of species found entirely on private property, only 3 percent are improving, and the ratio of declining species to improving species is 9 to 1. See Environmental
Defense Fund, Rebuilding the Ark: Towards a More Effective Endangered Species Act for Private Lands (New York, 1996), 3.
21. For in-depth discussion of the scientific aspects of the Endangered Species Act and
habitat and ecosystem issues see National Research Council, Science and the Endangered Species Act (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1995).
22. According to the Environmental Defense Fund, since 1976 the number of endangered species
has increased more than five-fold, but the funding for the endangered species program of the Fish and Wildlife Service has increased only three fold. Environmental Defense Fund, Rebuilding
the Ark, 6.
23. There is also what has come to be known as "takings" legislation , which is a type of
legislation enacted primarily to thwart the intent of the Endangered Species Act. The term takings in this sense is used by those asserting that the government does not have the right under
the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution (". . . nor shall private property be taken for public use without due compensation") to carry out actions that would lower property values without
compensating landowners.
24. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that private property
shall not "be taken for public use, without just compensation."
25. National Research Council, Science and the Endangered Species Act, 4.
26. Wendy Hudson, ed., Building Economic Incentives into Endangered Species Act: A Special Report from the Defenders of Wildlife (Washington, D.C.: Defenders of Wildlife, December, 1993). This report provides an extensive discussion of the limitations of the Endangered Species Act and offers additional ideas on approaching species and habitat protection.
27. Robin W. Doughty, Wildlife and Man in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1983), 156.
28. Doughty, Wildlife and Man in Texas, 156.
29. Doughty, Wildlife and Man in Texas, 107.
30. Lee Ann Linam and Dr. Gary Graham, Draft Report on Endangered Species for the Environmental Scorecard Project Land Environmental Issues (Austin: TPWD, Resource Protection Division, 1989).
31. Stephen Klineberg, Texas Environmental Survey—1994 (Houston: Rice University. Department of Sociology, 1995).
32. National Environmental Education and Training Foundation, Report Card: Environmental
Attitudes and Knowledge in America: The Fifth Annual Survey of Adult Americans (Washington, D.C., 1996) The survey was prepared for the foundation by Roper Starch Worldwide. The survey was
based on a nationally representative sample of 1,003 adult Americans age 18 and older.
33. David Bowles, TPWD, interview by authors, July 22, 1997.
34. Dorinda Scott, TPWD, information provided to authors, September 2002
35. Environmental Defense Fund, The Disappearing Texans: Improving the Lives of Texas' Rarest
Citizens (Austin: May 1998).
36. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1994 Report to Congress. Recovery Program, Endangered and Threatened Species (Washington D.C.: USFWS,1994).
37. Environmental Defense Fund, Disappearing Texans.
38. Environmental Defense Fund, Disappearing Texans.
39. "Race for Survival," Dallas Morning News, November 24, 1991.
40. Doughty, Wildlife and Man in Texas.
41. For further discussion of the scientific aspects of ecosystems, see National Research
Council, Science and the Endangered Species Act.
42. TPWD, Resource Protection Division, "Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Texas Natural
Heritage Program Special Species/Element List, May, 1993."
43. Patricia Morton, Coordinator for Education and Outreach, TPWD, Endangered Resources
Branch, letter to authors, January 7, 1998.
44. TPWD, Resource Protection Division, Endangered Resources Annual Status Report (January 1991).
45. TPWD Resource Protection Division, Endangered Species Conservation in Texas (n.d.).
47. This is the definition that has been in use since the 1970s for regulatory purposes by
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the EPA.
48. TPWD, A Wetlands Assistance Guide for Landowners (1995), 7.
49. TPWD, Texas Wetlands Conservation Plan (1997), 28.
50. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Coterminous United
States: Projected Trends 1985 to 1995 (Washington, D.C., September 1997).
51. Teresa Ophein, "Wetland Losses Continue But Have Slowed," National Wetlands Newsletter
no. 6 (November-December 1997) 7.
52. TPWD, Texas Wetlands Conservation Plan.
53. TPWD, Wetlands Assistance: Guide for Landowners (1995), 7-10.
54. Larry McKinney, Memorandum, "State Wetlands Conservation Plan" (Austin: TPWD, Resource
Protection Division, October 7, 1993).
55. Carl D. Fentress, "Wildlife of Bottomlands: Species and Status," in Bottomland Hardwoods
in Texas: Proceedings of an Interagency Workshop on Status and Ecology, May 6-7, 1986, ed. Craig A. McMahan and Roy G. Frye (Austin: TPWD, Wildlife Division, March 1987), 37.
56. Fentress, "Wildlife of Bottomlands," 37.
57. Roy Frye, "Texas Bottomland Hardwood Forests" Summary Sheet (Austin: TPWD, Resource
Protection Division, March 11, 1993).
58. TPWD, The Texas Wetlands Plan: Addendum to the 1985 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan (May 1988), 7.
59. Roger Lord and William H. McWilliams, Forest Resources of East Texas, Forest Service
Resource Bulletin SO-136 (Lufkin: USDA, n.d.), 29.
60. McKinney, Memorandum, "Statewide Wetlands Conservation Plan."
61. McKinney, Memorandum, "Statewide Wetlands Conservation Plan."
62. 1994-1995 Texas Almanac (Houston: Gulf Publishing Co., 1994), 100.
63. TPWD, Texas Wetlands Plan.
64. Doug Sharer, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Temple, Tex., interview by authors, October,2002.
65. GLO, Coastal Management Division, Texas Coastal Management Newsletter, May-June 1994.
66. For a full discussion and description of these ideas see: Wendy Hudson, ed., Building
Economic Incentives into Endangered Species Act.
67. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Texas Property Tax: Guidelines for Qualification of
Agricultural Land in Wildlife Management Use (1996).
68. Sybil Vasler, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Austin, information provided to authors,
April 16, 1999 (also available at http://www.fws.gov).
69. National Wildlife Federation, Involving Communities in Conservation: A Policy Position
Paper on the Endangered Species Act (Washington, D.C.: n.d.), 10-21.
70. For a full discussion and description of these ideas see: Wendy Hudson, ed., Building
Economic Incentives into Endangered Species Act. Also see National Wildlife Federation, The National Wildlife Federation: Involving Communities in Conservation.
71. TPWD, Conservation Easements: A Guide for Texas Landowners (1997), 2.
72. TPWD, Conservation Easements, 2.
73. TPWD, Conservation Easements, 11.
74. TPWD, The Bare Bones of Starting a Land Trust (n.d.).
75. General Appropriations Bill, HB 1, 75th Legislature, Regular Session, 1997, Parks and Wildlife Department, VI-32.
76. General Appropriations Bill, HB 1, 75th Legislature, Regular Session, 1997, TPWD, VI-29;
Bob Cook, TPWD, interview by authors, November 13,1997.
77. Texas Audubon Society, Facts about Texas' Birds, Wildlife and Habitat: A Texas Briefing
Guide for Policy Makers (Austin, 1997), 1.
78. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Census, 1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), 3-9. Note: nonconsumptive
activities include observing, photographing, and feeding wildlife.
79.United Nations Environment Programme's Assessment of Biodiversity.www.biodiv.org/doc/publication
80. Memo to author from US FWS Albuquerque Regional office,Carrie Thompson,U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Austin office, via September 5,2002. Several offices of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service share resonsibility for listed species occurring in Texas, therefore there could be additional recovery efforts for Texas species which the Albuquerque office did not report to the author.
81.www.natureserve.org/publications/biodiversity/summary.htm 2002
82.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Land and
Water Resources Conservation Plan. (Austin, August 2002) www.tpwd.state.tx.us]
83.Ibid,10.
84.Sunset Advisory Commission "Public Land in Texas-Comparative Summary" (Austin, 2000)
85.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, "Land and Water Resources Conservation Plan" (Austin, 2002),10
86.Ibid
87.Ibid.
88.Ibid.
89.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Land and Water Resources
Conservation Plan (Austin: TPWD,August 2002) www.tpwd.state.tx.us
90.Ibid.
91.Ibid.
92. USDA National Resource Conservation Service. www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/wrp/maps
93. Author's Conversation on September 5,2002 with Doug Sharer, USDA National Resource Conservation Service, Temple, Tx
94.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Land and
Water Resources Conservation Plan (Austin:TPWD, August 2000) www.tpwd.state.tx.us
95.Pam Baker,"Economic and Other Values of Texas Bays and Estuaries." Presentation at the
conference on Community and Economic Benefits of Texas Rivers, Springs and Bays, held in Austin,Texas on April 12, 2002, sponsored by the Texas Center for Policy Studies, April 12, 2002.
96.US Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Recovery and Delisting Program.www. fws.gov/esb/2001
97.Texas Parks and Wildlife. www.tpwd.state.tx.us/wetlands
98.Ibid.
99.T Sunset Advisory Commission "Public Land in Texas-Comparative Summary" (Austin, 2000)
100.Peter M. Jorgensen & Nigel C.A. Pitman, Estimating the Size of the World's Flora,"Science (American
Association for the Advancement of Science, November, 2002)
101Lee Leschper, "Neighbor to Neighbor," Texas Parks and Wildllife: The Outdoor Magazine of Texas (Austin:TPWD,,
November 2002),33-39.
102.Natural Area Preservation Association and Environmental Defense, "Conservation Priorities
for Texas: A Guide to Ten Threatened Natural Areas in the Lone Start State," (Austin:NAPA and ED, n.d) napa@texas.net; www.environmentaldefense.org
103.Texas Tech University, "Texas Parks and Wildlife for the 21st Century: Conservation and
Recreation for the Coming Decades" (Lubbock: Texas Tech University,November 2001), 24.
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