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1. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 108.
2. In an effort to the protect one of the state's critical watersheds (denuded forested
mountains change the flow of water which can lead to floods and droughts because the eroded soil cannot hold water), New York State designated a large area of the Adirondacks Mountains as a
state park some thirteen years after Yellowstone.
3. Joseph Petulla, American Environmental History, 2d ed. (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing, 1988), 239.
4. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 129. According to Gifford Pinchot's
grandson, "when he [Gifford Pinochet] spoke of "'wise use'" he meant producing the greatest good for the largest number of people for the longest time. His broad definition of 'good' included
watershed protection, recreation, wildlife habitat, as well as timber production, mining, and grazing." According to the grandson, Pinchot would not have agreed with today's national forest
and public land policies that favor commodity production over recreation, soil conservation, and genetic diversity. Gifford Pinchot III, "What Is Wise Use?" Yes: A Journal of Positive Futures
(fall 1997), 36.
5. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD), Texas Parks and Wildlife Conservation
Chronicle (1990), 1. This figures includes 4,790 square miles of inland water area.Ameri
6. Texas Sunset Commission, Report on the Texas Parks & Wildlife Commission, September,
2000. www.sunset.state.tx.us
7. TPWD, Proposed Preamble to the Public Lands Classification System, November 3, 1994. In
1993 the state legislature directed the TPWD to establish a classification system for state parks, wildlife management areas, natural areas, and historical areas.
8. Bob Hall and Mary Lee Kerr, 1991–1992 Green Index: State by State Guide to the Nation's
Environmental Health (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1991), 110.
9. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas Outdoors, A Report to the Texas Parks and
Wildlife Department (October 1998).
10. TPWD, 1995 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan (March 1997), 43.
11. TPWD, 1995 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan, 43.
12. TPWD, Consumer Research Division, 1995 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan : Assessment and
Policy Plan (March 1997), 1.
13. Lisa Love, Brian McGregor, and John L. Crompton, Recreation in Texas: The 1993 Citizen
Survey (College Station: Texas A&M University, Department of Recreation and Tourism Science, October 1993).
14. TPWD, Natural Agenda: A Strategic Plan for 1997–2001 (September 1996), 19.
15. TPWD, Natural Agenda: A Strategic Plan for 1997–2001, 14.
16. TPWD, Natural Agenda, 14.
17. Texas Agricultural Statistics Service. Conserversation with Jody McDaniel with author, July 2002.
18. Dennis Robertson, USDA, Forest Service, Lufkin, Texas, phone interview with authors, September 1997.
19. The authors do not have information on the historical development of parks in Asia or Africa.
20. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. www.tpwd.state.tx.us
21. TPWD, 1995 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan, 45.
22. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (New York:
Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 200. (The Texas legislature in 1997 appointed an interim joint committee—the Appropriations and the Recreation and Resources committees—chaired by Representative
Edward Kuempel, to study the status of the park system of Texas. The interim study should be completed by the year 2000.)
23. American Lives, Inc., "Community Features Home Buyers Pay For," in 1994 Shopper and
Homeowner Study (San Francisco, March 1995), 2.
24. American Lives, Inc., "Community Features Home Buyers Pay For," 2.
25. Niki McDaniel, public relations director of Nature Conservancy of Texas, phone interview with authors, May 6, 1997.
26. Ted Siff, director, Trust for Public Lands Texas Field Office, letter to authors, December 2, 1997.
27. Some resource planners prefer to rely on vegetation regions to describe the physical
differences within the state. According to TPWD, the largest vegetation designations are 10 ecological regions. These 10 ecological regions are, in turn, subdivided into a total of 53 cover
types, including 47 plant associations of 2 or 3 characteristic genera or species. Also according to TPWD, "The confusion as to why there are 11 ecoregions (or natural regions) as opposed to
10 vegetative types of regions is a result of a 1978 study and publication of the LBJ School of Public Affairs, in which eleven natural regions were identified." The TPWD recognizes these 11
ecoregion descriptions. The authors wish to thank Jason Singhurst of TPWD for his assistance with the descriptions of the regions.
28. GLO, Texas Coastal Wetlands: Handbook for Local Governments (n.d.), ix.
29. Coast Alliance, State of the Coasts: A State by State Analysis of the Vital Link between
Healthy Coasts and a Healthy Economy (Washington, D.C., 1995), 36.
30. GLO, Texas Coastal Wetlands: A Handbook for Local Governments (December 1996), 11.
According to this document, in 1993 coastal tourism in Texas provided 103,600 jobs.
31. American Sportfishing Association, The 1996 Economic Impact of Sport Fishing in Texas
(Alexandria, Va., 1997), 6. This report concludes that the economic impacts of freshwater fishing in Texas in 1996 was $1,916,488,984 and supported 53,401 jobs.
32. Lance Robinson, TPWD, phone interview with authors, January 14, 1997.
33. World Resources Institute, A WRI Indicator Brief: Coastlines at Risk: An Index of
Potential Development-Related Threats to Coastal Ecosystems (Washington, D.C., 1995),1.
34. World Resources Institute, A WRI Indicator Brief, 1.
35. World Resources Institute, A WRI Indicator Brief, 1.
36. Wallace Kaufman and Orrin Pilkey, Jr., The Beaches Are Moving: Drowning of America's
Shoreline (Durham: Duke University Press, 1983), 246.
37. Kaufman and Pilkey, Jr., The Beaches Are Moving, 246.
38. The authors wish to thank Peter Ravella, attorney, GLO, for his assistance with the
history and interpretation of the Coastal Management Act.
39. Under English common law, the king held title to the tidelands, but the title was held in
public trust. English common law in turn relied on Roman law, which declared that the sea and its shore are "res communes," things of common use by all citizens. Kaufman and Pilkey, The
Beaches Are Moving, 231.
40. Beth Milleman, And Two If By Sea: Fighting the Attack on America's Coasts (Washington,
D.C.: Coast Alliance, Inc., 1986), 2–8.
41. GLO, Texas Coastal Management Plan (993), IX-1.
42. GLO, Texas Coastal Management Program: Public Document (March 1994), IX-4.
43. GLO, Coastal Management Plan: Public Comment Document (December 1993), II-44.
44. GLO, Coastal Management Plan: Public Comment Document, II-44.
45. Bob Morton, Bureau of Economic Geology, phone interview with authors, October 7,1997. For
a description and maps of shoreline changes, see Bureau of Economic Geology, 1993 Open-File Report 93-1 and other related documents prepared by Morton.
46. GLO, Texas Coastwide Erosion Response Plan: A Report to the 75th Legislature (August 1996), 9.
47. GLO, Texas Coastwide Erosion Response Plan, 31.
48. GLO, Dune Protection and Improvement Manual for the Texas Gulf Coast (1991), 7–13.
49. Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated, Natural Resources Code Sec. 63.001–63.181.
See section 63.052 for exemptions.
50. Natural Resources Code Sec. 63.001–63.181. See section 63.052 for exemptions.
51. John Hamilton, GLO, phone interview with authors, July 1997.
52. Kaufman and Pilkey, The Beaches Are Moving, 100.
53. GLO, information provided to authors, summer 1997.
54. Joe Riddell, assistant attorney general, Natural Resource Division, Texas Attorney
General's Office, information provided to authors, summer 1997. The authors wish to thank Mr. Riddell for his assistance with this subject.
55. TPWD, Recreational Issues in Texas: A Citizen Survey, The Technical Report (1987), 9.
56. TPWD, Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan of 1990 (1990).
57. William H. McWilliams and Roger C. Lord, Forest Resources of East Texas, Resource
Bulletin SO-136 (Washington, D.C.: USDA Forest Service, July 1988), 1–5.
58. McWilliams and Lord, Forest Resources of East Texas, 1-5.
59. Kelly Bell, Jr., Forests and the Texas Economy: Growing toward the 21st Century (College
Station: Texas Forest Service, n.d.).
60. Forests experts predict that 70 percent of the native pine forests in the southern United
States will be converted to industrial monoculture pine forests by 2020. Ashley T. Mattoon, "Paper Forests," World Watch, March–April 1998, 23.
61. McWilliams and Lord, Forest Resources of East Texas, 136; USDA Forest Service, Forest
Statistics for East Texas Counties, 1992, Resource Bulletin SO 173 (December 1992).
62. Draft - American Farmland Trust, Texas Regional Office, Shrinking Vistas: "The Impact of Land Fragmentation on Texas Agriculture and Wildlife."
63. Dennis Robertson, USDA, Forest Service, Lufkin, Texas, phone interview with authors, August 27, 1997.
64. U.S. Forest Service, National Forests and Grasslands in Texas: A Congressional Briefing (Lufkin, 1993), 8.
65. U.S. Forest Service, National Forests and Grasslands in Texas: Fingertip Facts (Lufkin, June 2002).
66. See Edward C. Fritz, The Sterile Forest: The Case against Clearcutting (Austin: Eakin
Press, 1989). Few Texans have been more influential in the efforts to preserve the natural resources and forests of East Texas than Edward ("Ned") Fritz. In 1966 he founded the Texas
Committee on Natural Resources, an advocacy group that has for over thirty years worked to ensure that Texas's forestlands are maintained for wildlife habitat, rather than just timber
production. As primary organizer of the Big Thicket Coordinating Committee, Fritz also is credited with persuading Congress to establish the Big Thicket National Preserve.
67. The authors wish to thank Janice Bezanson, issues coordinator, Texas Committee on Natural
Resources, for her assistance with this segment on forest practices.
68. Henry Chappell, "Discovering the Grasslands," Texas Parks and Wildlife Magazine 55, no. 3 (March 1997): 27–34.
69. Dennis Robertson, USDA Forest Service, Lufkin, Texas, letter to authors, September 5, 1997.
70. Delta Land and Community, Inc., Southern Futures: Opportunities for Sustainable
Agricultural Systems (Almyra, Ark., 1995), 1.
71. TCPA, The Challenging Face of Texas: Texas through the Year 2026: Economic Growth,
Cultural Diversity. A Report of the Comptroller's Forces of Change Project (August 1992), 21.
72.Gary Preuss, Texas Comptroller's Office, memo to authors, June 13, 2002.
73.Ibid.
137.USDA, Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), Resource Issues (Temple, Texas, 1997), n.p.
74. TCPA, Forces of Change: Shaping the Future of Texas (March 1994), 98–99.
75. USDA, Soil Conservation Service, and NRCS, Texas Summary Report 1992 National Resources
Inventory (Washington, D.C., 1992).
76. USDA NRCS, Resource Issues (Temple, Texas, 1997), n.p.
77. NRCS, National Resources Inventory, Graphic Highlights of Natural Resource Trends in the
U.S. between 1982 and 1992 (Washington, D.C., April 1995), n.p.
78. Nancy Blanpied, ed., Farm Policy: The Politics of Soil, Surpluses and Subsidies
(Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1984), 28.
79. NRCS, Resource Issues (Temple, Texas, 1997), n.p.
80. USDA, NRCS, National Resources Inventory, 1982-1992, (Washington D.C., April 1995), n.p.
81. National Resource Council, Alternative Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989), 115–116.
82. National Resource Council, Alternative Agriculture, 115–116.
83. Jean Pagel, "Farm Programs All Played Out?" Houston Chronicle, December 4,1994, 1.
84. Susan Warren, "As Soil Conservation Program Expires, Farms Are Bracing for the Consequences," Wall Street Journal, September 21, 1994, T4.
85. Farmers growing wheat, cotton, rice, soybeans, sugar, and other crops are eligible to
collect deficiency payments. Deficiency payments are based on the difference between the target price and the market price, whichever difference is less. The target price is set by Congress
and the USDA and is based on the national average cost of producing a crop. Farmers are eligible to receive a deficiency payment if the market price fails to reach the target price.
86. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Future Use of Conservation Reserve Program Acres,
Policy Position (Ankemy, Iowa, November 6, 1993).
87. R. T. Erwin and P. N. Johnson, Economic Evaluation of the Conservation Reserve Program (Lubbock: Texas Tech University, Department of Agricultural Economics, December 1992), ix.
88. USDA, NRCS, Fact Sheet: Conservation Reserve Program, Sign-up 16 (Washington, D.C., October 1997).
89. Sam Orange, Farm Service Agency, letter to authors, June 1999.
90. Center for the Science inthe Public Interest, June 2003.
91. National Academies of Science, "Genetically Modified Pest Protected Plans: Science and
Regulation. Washington D. C. 2000; in 2002 the National Academy of Sciences also published a book on the subject: Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacies of
regulation, which also points to the regulatory deficiencies governing transgenic crops.
92. Jim Worstell, Opportunities for Sustainable Agricultural Systems (Almyra, Ark.: Delta
Land and Community, September 1995), 1.
93. National Research Council, Alternative Agriculture, 3–25.
94. National Research Council, Alternative Agriculture, 3–25.
95. Delta Land and Community, Inc., Southern Futures.
96. American Farmland Trust, Farming on the Edge (Dekalb, Ill.: American Farmland Trust
Center for Agriculture in the Environment, Northern Illinois University, March 1997), 10-11. According to the Texas Comptroller's office, Cameron CountyA farmers and ranchers in 1993 earned
approximately $116.4 million from field crops and livestock, and crop receipts for Hidalgo County totaled $287.1 million. TCPA, Gaining Ground: A Regional Outlook: Lower Rio Grande, 1995
(1995), 16, 20.
97. Robert Geddes,"The Sprawling American City and the Search for Alternatives: Metropolis
Unbound," The American Prospect, November-December 1997, 40.
98. USDA, NRCS, Resource Issues (Temple, Texas, 1997), n.p.
99. Steve H. Murdock, Research Brief: Substate Estimates for 1994 Show Strong Growth
Continuing in Texas (College Station: Department of Rural Sociology, Texas A&M University), 1.
100. Texas A &M University System, Environment and Natural Resources: Trends and
Implications, a publication prepared for the Texas Agricultural and Natural Resources Summit on Environmental and Natural Resource Policy for the 21st Century, held in Kerrville, Texas,
November 14–15, 1996 (College Station: Texas A&M University, November 1996), 4.
101. Ron Swoboda,"Stopping the Urban Steamroller," Texas Farmer Stockman, March 1995.Texas Forestry
102. Texas Forestry Association. www.texasforestry.org 2002
103. Ibid.
104. Joe Riddell, Ownership of Beds of Navigable Streams, (http://world.std.com/~reichert/jr_title.htm)
105.www.nass.usda.gov/census/census97\
106.www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical
107.Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory and
List of Impaired Waters" (Austin: October 2002),182.
108.Ibid., 212
109.Texas A&M University System, "Fragmented Lands: Changing Land Ownership in Texas," (College Station: n.d),3
110. U. S. Department of Agriculture, "USDA Commits Historic Resources to Conservation on
Private Working Lands," June 3,2002. www.fsa.usda.gov/pas
111. U. S. Department of Agriculture, "Monthly CRP acreage Report," (Washington D.C. August 2002) www.fsa.usda.gov/crp/storpt
112.Texas A&M University System, Fragmented Lands: Changing Land Ownership in Texas,(College Station, nd),2
113. Ibid., 3
114.Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, " Texas in Transition," (Austin, February 2001),2
115. Natural Resource Conservation Service. www.nrcs.usda.gov
116. Ibid.
117. Ibid.
118. Dallas Morning News, Texas Almanac,2002-2001 (Dallas, 1999),75-76.
119.U. S. Forest Service, Press Release,"U.S. Forest Service Announces $4.6 millionin funding
for 12 East Texas counties,"(Lufkin, January 28,2002)
120. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Land and Water Resources Conservation Plan, (Austin, October 2002)
121.Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife For the 21st Century, (Lubbock, November 2001),24
122.Texas Republican Party, 1994 State Republican Party Platform, 5–6.
123. Douglas McCleery, American Forests: A History of Resiliency and Recovery (Washington D.C.: USDA, Forest Service, FS-540,1992.)
124. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Land and Water Resources Conservation Plan, (Austin, October 2002)
125.Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife for the 21st Century, (Lubbock, November 2001),24
126.USDA Forest Service, The Southern Forest Resource Assessment, (Washington, D.C., November 2001)
127.Jacob Donellan, "What SFRA Means to Texas Forestry," Texas Forester, Vol. 19, Issue 1, February 2002,
128.Ibid.
129.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. www.tpwd.state.tx.us
130.Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife for the 21st Century, (Lubbock, November 2001),24.
131.Ibid.
132.John Crompton, "The Impacts of Parks and Open Space on Property Values and the Property
Tax Base," Texas A&M University, Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Services, (College Station, 2000)
133.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. www.tpwd.state.tx.us/grant
134.Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "2002 Texas Water Quality Inventory and List of Impaired
Waters" (Austin: October 2002),182.
135.IJacob Donellan, "What SFRA Means to Texas Forestry," Texas Forester, Vol. 19, Issue 1, February 2002, pg.9
136.Jacob Donellan, "What SFRA Means to Texas Forestry," Texas Forester, Vol. 19, Issue 1, February 2002, pg.9
138.USGS, "Occurrence of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds and Soluble
Pesticides in Texas Public Water Supply Source Waters, 1999-2001." USGS Fact Sheet 020-02. August 2002.
139.www.farmland.org "Farming on the Edge." October 3, 2002
140. Texas A&M University, "Fragmented Lands: Changing Land Ownership in Texas." pg 2
141.American Farmland Trust, Farming on the Edge (Dekalb, Ill.: American Farmland Trust
Center for Agriculture in the Environment, Northern Illinois University, March 1997), 10-11.
142.Texas A&M University, "Fragmented Lands: Changing Land Ownership in Texas." (College
Station,Tx: Texas A&M, nd)
143.http://recenter.tamu.edu/news/54-0502.html
144.www.fsa.usda.gov/
145.American Farmland Trust, Texas office. "Cost of Community Service Study in Texas." www.farmland.org/texas/index.htm
146.www.farmland.org "Farming on the Edge." October 3,2002
147.http://recenter.tamu.edu/news/
148.www.ms.nrcs.usda.gov/whmi/execsum.pdf
149.Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife for the 21st Century," (Lubbock: Texas
Tech University, November,2001)27
150. Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife for the 21st Century," (Lubbock: Texas
Tech University, November 2001)24.
151. Ibid
152.Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Texas Parks and Wildlife Conservation Plan, (Austin:TPWD, October 2002)
153.Texas Sunset Commission, Report on Texas Parks and Wildlife Department,
(Austin,June 2000.)www.sunset.state.tx.us
154.Texas A&M, Texas Outdoors: A Vision for Texas, (College Station: Texas A&M University, 1989)
155.U.S. Census Bureau. Government Fiannces, 1998-1999, September, 2001
156.The Trust for Public Land, A Land Legacy for Texas, (Austin: Trust for Public Land, 2001),9
157.Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife for the 21st Century" (Lubbock: Texas
Tech University, November 2001)
158.John Crompton, "The Impacts of Parks and Open Space on Property Values and the Property
Tax Base," Texas A&M University, Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Services, (College Station, 2000)
159.Texas Tech University, Texas Parks and Wildlife for the 21st Century," (Lubbock: Texas
Tech University, Novembe,2001
160.ibid.www.ms.nrcs.usda.gov/whmi/execsum.pdf
161 USDA, NRCS, A Comprehensive Review of Farm Bill Contributions to Wildllife Cosnervation. Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, (NRCS: Madison,Miss April 2002 )
162.Environmental Defense. www.environmentaldefense.org 2002
163.( Dr. Janine Bloomfield, "A Time to Reap: Global Warming and Iowa" ( New York, New
York:Environmental Defense, 1999 and USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, Environmental Defense, and Soil and Water Conservation Society, "Growing Carbon: A New Crop that Helps
Agricultural Producers and the Climate Too," (Washington D.C: USDA NRCS, 2000) Also, see Environmental Defense, "A Bridge to Climate Protection" Slowing Globabl Warming By Marketing Carbon
Stored in Farms and Forests" (Environmental Defense:New York 2003)
164.Environmental Defense, "A Bridge to Climate Protection" Slowing Globabl Warming By
Marketing Carbon Stored in Farms and Forests" (Environmental Defense:New York 2003)
165.American Farmland Trust, "Find the Balance: Ranching and Rapid Growth in Bandera County,
TX," ( American Farmland Trust: San Marcos, TX 2003)
166.Ibid
167.American Farmland Trust, "Shrinking Vistas: The Impact of Land Fragementation on Texas
Agriculture and Wildlife." Draft. (American Farmland Trust: San Marcos, TX 2003)
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