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1. There are a number of studies which track this association. For a summary, see "Clearing the Air: Is Our Air Clean Enough?" Consumer Reports, August, 1997, 36-38.
2. For a good overview of studies that found an association between air pollution due to high concentrations of particulate matter and mortality due to lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease, see Douglas Dockery, et al., "An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities," New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 24 (1993): 1753-1759.
3. The EPA estimates that full attainment of its more stringent standards would result in zero to 1,300 fewer deaths and 140,000 fewer cases of acute respiratory symptoms related to ozone air pollution, 8,000 fewer hospitalizations, and 3,300 to 16,500 fewer deaths related to particulate matter pollution each year. For a full discussion of the benefits and costs of the new standards, see EPA, Regulatory Impact Analysis of the New National Ambient Air Quality Standards (July 19, 1997).
4. A prime example
was the accidental release of methyl isocyanate in Bhopal, India, at a Union Carbide Chemical plant, killing 2,500 workers and neighbors of the facility and injuring tens of thousands. See
World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 112.
5. Joseph Petulla, American Environmental History (Columbus, Ohio: Mifflin, 1988), 418.
6. Petulla, American Environmental History, 418.
7. James Cannon, The
Health Costs of Air Pollution: A Survey of Studies, 1978-1983 (Washington, D.C.: American Lung Association, 1985), 11.
8. See for example C.
Arden Pope III, Michael Thun, Mohan Namboodiri, Douglas Dockery, John Evans, Frank Speizer, and Clark Heath, Jr., "Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality in a Prospective
Study of U.S. Adults," American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 151 (1995): 669-674.
9. Petulla, American Environmental History, 419.
10. World Resources Institute, 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac, 112.
11. Robert D. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990), 63.
12. EPA, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act (April 1993), 25.
13. EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trend Report, 1997 (Research Triangle Park, N.C., December 1998), 63.
14. World Resources Institute, The 1992 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), 152.
15. EPA, 1997 National Air Quality: Status and Trends (Research Triangle Park, N.C., December 1998), 12.
16. EPA, Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, 17.
17. The original requirement of the 1990 Clean Air Act required that zero-emission cars be built by 1999. However, the requirement was delayed until 2003. Anthony DePalma, "The Great Green Hope: Are Fuel Cells the Key to Cleaner Energy?" New York Times, October 8. 1997, C6.
18. TCEQ, Emissions Banking Transactions, www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/permitting/airperm/banking/ebanktrans.htm, accessed October, 2003
19. World Resources Institute, 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac, 106.
20. Natural Resource
Defense Council (NRDC), Benchmarking Air Emissions of Electric Utility Generators in the Eastern United States (New York, April 1997), 28.
21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Latest Findings in National Air Quality: 2002 Status and Trends, August 2003, 5
22. EPA, The Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act, 1970 to 1990 (October 1997).
23., TNRCC, State of the Texas Environment: Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2003-2007, Volume 2 (June 2002), Table 1. Based upon assumption that El Paso County has met the ozone standard for several years, and that Harrison, Upshur and Gregg have not met the one-hour standard recently. Does not include other areas like Austin, Corpus Christi and San Antonio, which appear to be in non-compliance with the new eight-hour ozone standard
24. National Resource
Defense Council, "Appeals Court Decision Overtunrs Major Clean Air Victory," Press Release (May 18, 1999).
25. TCEQ, Air Monitoring Sites, Information from Website).
26. Nonetheless, it is important to note that even though ozone is monitored continuously, the actual levels are determined based upon averaging. For example, a 1-hour average is actually based on the average of twelve 5-minute averages.
27. TNRCC, Biennial Report to the 76th Legislature, vol. 2, 34.
28. TNRCC, Toxicology
and Risk Assessment Section and Monitoring Operations Division, Community Air Toxics Monitoring Report: January-December 1995 (February 1997), 1.
29. TNRCC, Monitoring Operations Division, Smarter Air Monitoring for Texas (November 1994).
30. Texas Air Control Board (TACB), Air Quality in Texas: 1992 and Beyond (1993), 12.
31. TNRCC, Office of Air Quality, information provided to author, 1995.
32. TNRCC, Smarter Air Monitoring for Texas.
33. Scott Mgebroff, Monitoring Operations Division, TNRCC, phone interview by author, September 1997, Austin.
34. Mgebroff, phone interview by author.
35. TNRCC, Smarter Air Monitoring for Texas, 13.
36. TNRCC, Biennial Report to the 76th Legislature, vol. 2, 34.
37. EPA, information provided to author from computer database AIRS EXEC, 1998.
38. American Lung Association, Outdoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet: Ozone Air Pollution (New York, November 1993).
39. American Lung
Association, Breath in Danger II: Estimation of Populations-at-Risk of Adverse Health Consequences in Areas Not in Attainment with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Clean Air Act
(New York, 1993), Table 3.
40. USDA, Forest
Service, Air Pollution Impact on Southern Forests: Short Leaf Pines on Coastal Plain Soils, (Nacogdoches Research Station, 1987), 7.
41. EPA, Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, 2.
42. EPA, Research Summary: Controlling Sulfur Oxides (August 1980), 2.
43. The average pH of
Big Bend rain in 1991 measured by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program was 5.98. By 1995, the average had fallen to 5.58.
44. TNRCC, 1998 State of Texas Reservoir Water Quality Assessment (1998), 14.
45. TNRCC, Air Monitoring Report 1995 (April 1997).
46. American Lung Association, Breath in Danger II, 2.
47. Robert Yuhnke, "Particles of Concern," Environmental Forum (Policy Journal of the Environmental Law Institute) 14, no. 2 (March-April 1997): 24-29.
48. TNRCC, Air Monitoring Report 1991 (March 1994), 18.
49. TACB, Texas Air Control Board Fact Sheet: Ambient Air Quality in the Houston/Galveston Metropolitan Area (1993).
50. TNRCC, Revisions to the State Implementation Plan for Milam County for Sulfur Dioxide (1997).
51. American Lung Association, Facts about Air Pollution and Your Health (Washington, D.C., 1992), 2.
52. William Gill, Emissions Inventory Director, Air Quality Division, TNRCC, interview by author, April 1994, Austin.
53. EPA, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1990 (1990).
54. Cannon, The Health Costs of Air Pollution, 32.
55. For a good overview of studies that found an association between air pollution due to high concentrations of particulate matter and mortality due to lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease, see Dockery, et al., "An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six US Cities," 1753-1759. One study tracked 552,138 men and women in 151 cities across the United States from 1982 to 1989 and evaluated the effects of particulate air pollution - including sulfates and fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microns - on mortality. The study found that U.S. residents living in the cleanest cities had a 17 percent lower mortality risk attributable to particle exposure than those living in the dirtiest cities. Pope et al., "Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality," 669-674.
56. Pope et al., "Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality," 669-674.
57. EPA, EPA's Revised Particulate Matter Standards Fact Sheet, July 17, 1997.
58. EPA, Regulatory Impact Analysis, ES-23.
59. EPA, information provided to author from AIRS EXEC Database, 1998.
60. EPA, Regulatory
Impact Analysis, 4-16. The chart estimates that while anthropogenic sources contribute 22.466 million tons per year, biogenic sources contribute 25.988 million tons.
61. Data provided by Liz Johnson, Air Policy and Regulations Development, TNRCC; data from three months in 1997.
62. Data provided by
EPA, Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs, and based on 1993-1995 monitoring data. The information is based on PM10 data, however, and is subject to uncertainty.
63. TNRCC, Air Monitoring Report 1995, 22-24.
64. EPA, 1997 National Air Quality: Status and Trends, 6.
65. TNRCC, Office of Air Quality, information from State Summary of Emissions Database, August 1997.
66. Cannon, Health Costs of Air Pollution: 1984-1989, 33.
67. For a good source
on the costs of lead air pollution, see EPA, Costs and Benefits of Reducing Lead in Gasoline (February 1985).
68. TACB, Texas Air Control Board Fact Sheet: Ambient Air Quality in the Dallas/Ft. Worth Metropolitan Area (1993), 2.
69. Randy Lee Loftis
and Michael Goldhaber, "Dallas-Fort Worth Faces Increased Air Controls," Dallas Morning News, August 15, 1997.
70. Chuck Miller, Air
Quality Assessment and Planning Division, TNRCC, phone interview by author, September 1997, Austin.
71. Randy Lee Loftis and Tony Hartzel, "EPA Threat on Smog Is Most Serious Yet," Dallas Morning News, May 5, 1999, A38.
72. Ed Michaels, Photochemical Air Monitoring Sites coordinator, TNRCC, phone interview by author, September 1997.
73. TNRCC, State Implementation Plan for Ozone, 9.
74. El Paso is not required to meet this requirement because most of the pollution in its airshed emanates from Mexico, while Beaumont-Port Arthur is a "moderate" nonattainment area and is therefore not required to make these additional emission cuts.
75. TNRCC, State Implementation Plan for Ozone.
76. The plan was originally scheduled to be put into place sooner, but in 1995 the Texas legislature passed a law putting a moratorium on the inspection and maintenance program until it was redesigned to place less of a burden on car owners.
77. East Texas
Council of Governments, Northeast Texas Flexible Attainment Region Memorandum of Agreement, September 16, 1996.
78. TNRCC, Revisions to the State Implementation Plan for Ozone, Attainment Demonstration for El Paso, 1996.
79. TACB, Air Quality in Texas: 1992 and Beyond (1993), 14.
80. TNRCC, Attainment Demonstration for El Paso, Revisions to the State Implementation Plan, 1996.
81. TNRCC, Revision to the State Implementation Plan for Carbon Monoxide, September 1995.
82. EPA, US-Mexico
Border XXI Program Framework Document (October 1996), VI.6. See also "Guidance to the Joint Advisory Committee on Air Quality Improvement," Appendix 1 of Annex V to the La Paz
Agreement (U.S.- Mexico environmental agreement, 1983).
83. Becky Kirka, Toxics Release Inventory Program, TNRCC, phone interview by author, September 1997, Austin.
84. EPA, 1997 Texas Toxics Release Inventory Report (May 1999).
85. Joint Select
Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, June 1991, 14.
86. For information on what the 188 toxics are, as well as the sources that will be regulated, see Amendments to the 1990 Clean Air Act, Title III, Section 112.
87. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report, 19.
88. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report, 19.
89. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report, 25.
90. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report, 25.
91. TNRCC, State of the Texas Environment: Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2003-2007, Volume 1 (2002), 12).
92. EPA, Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds, vol. 2 (June 1994).
93. TNRCC, Office of Air Quality, information provided to author, 1995.
94. TNRCC, Community Air Toxics Monitoring Program Report, January-December 1995, 23.
95. U.S. EPA, Toxics Release Inventory, EPA TRIexplorer, Query run on October 2003
96. Lois Marie Gibbs and the Citizens Clearinghouse for Hazardous Waste, Dying from Dioxin (Boston: South End Press, 1995), 1.
97. Gibbs et al., Dying from Dioxin, xxx.
98. Vicki Monks, "The Truth about Dioxin," National Wildlife, August-September 1994, 10.
99. Gibbs et al., Dying from Dioxin, 44.
100. TNRCC, Air Quality Assessment Program: Community Air Toxics Monitoring Program Report, October 1992-September 1993 (May 1994), 2.
101. TNRCC, State of the Texas Environment: Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2003-2007, Volume 2 (2002), 26).
102. TNRCC, Community Air Toxics Monitoring Network Report: October 1993-December 1994 (December 1995), 37.
103. TNRCC, Air
Quality Assessment Program: Community Air Toxics Monitoring Program Report, October 1992-September 1993, 33.
104. TNRCC, Community Air Toxics Monitoring Network Report: October 1993-December 1994, 21.
105. Tom Porter,
Monitoring Operations Division, TNRCC, phone interview by author, September 1997, Austin. According to Porter, the agency decided to stop measuring 1,2 - dibromoethane because the detection
limit (0.5 parts per billion per volume) is greater than the annual screening level of 0.05 parts per billion per volume. Thus, the comparatively high detection limit makes it difficult for
the agency to determine if a problem exists or not.
106. TNRCC, Community Air Toxics Monitoring Network Report: October 1993-December 1994, 21.
107. TNRCC, Air
Quality Assessment Program: Community Air Toxics Monitoring Program Report, October 1992-September 1993, 33.
108. TACB, Special Purpose Ambient Air Monitoring (August, 1993), 23.
109. TNRCC, Smarter Air Monitoring for Texas, 25.
110. TNRCC, Press Release, May 27, 1997.
111. William K. Stevens, "Warmer, Wetter, Sicker: Linking Climate to Health," New York Times, August 10, 1998. Additional data have shown that 1998 was the hottest year of the century.
112. World Resources Institute, 1992 Information Please Environmental Almanac, 275.
113. William K.
Stevens, "Experts on Climate Change Ponder: How Urgent Is It?" New York Times, September 9, 1997, B7.
114. Stevens, "Experts on Climate Change Ponder," B7.
115. Ric Jensen,
"Are Things Warming Up?: How Climactic Changes Could Affect Texas," Texas Water Resources 15 (spring 1989).
116. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report, 57.
117. Stevens, "Experts on Climate Change Ponder," B7.
118. Bob Hall and Mary Lee Kerr, 1991-1992 Green Index: A State-by-State Guide to the Nation's Environmental Health (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1991), 21.
119. NRDC, The Statehouse Effect: State Policies to Control the Greenhouse Effect (New York, 1990).
120. NRDC, Getting the Dirt on Your Electric Company: A Consumer's and Policymaker's Handbook of Air Pollution from Electric Utilities in the Eastern U.S. (New York, 1997).
121. Public Utility Commission of Texas, Annual Report (April 1997), 5.
122. World Resources Institute, 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac, 334.
123. World Resources Institute, 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac, 334.
124. EPA, Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, 16.
125. Texas Department
of Health, Implications on Public Health of Elimination of the Texas Department of Health's Indoor Air Quality Branch (November 25, 1992).
126. EPA, Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality, vol. 2 (August 1989), 5-4.
127. State of Texas
Environmental Priorities Project, State of Texas Environmental Priorities Project, vol. 1: Final Overview Report (Austin: TNRCC, June 1997).
128. EPA, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality (September 1988), 11.
129. EPA, Setting
Priorities for Strategies for Environmental Protection (1990), 14. The other three human health risks problems identified by the Science Advisory Board were ambient air pollutants like ozone,
particulate matter, and lead; exposure of employees to chemicals in industry and agricultural work; and pollutants in drinking water. The Science Advisory Board considered only those problems
addressed by a 1987 EPA report entitled Unfinished Business: A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems.
130. Texas Department of Health, Voluntary Air Quality Guidelines for Public Schools, May 10, 1998.
131. EPA, The Inside Story, 11.
132. Texas Department of Health, The Texas Indoor Radon Survey, 1992 (April 20, 1992), 20.
133. EPA, The Inside Story, 13.
134. EPA, Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality, vol. 2, 5-11.
135. EPA, Data for Proposed Lead State Grant Allocation Formula (December 17, 1993).
136. EPA, The Inside Story, 22.
137. "Childhood Incidences of Cancer," New York Times, September 29, 1997, AI.
138. EPA, The Inside Story, 24.
139. EPA, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, "Proposed Regional Haze Regulations for Protection of Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas," EPA web site
(http://134.67.104.12/naaqsfin/hazefs.html).
140. TNRCC, Visibility Protection State Implementation Plan: Three-Year Report (January 1995), 2.
141. National Parks Service and EPA, Study Plan for Texas-Mexico Aerosol Characterization Study (January 19, 1995), 1-2.
142. Sierra Club Lone Star Chapter, "EPA's Proposed Regional Haze Regulations are Under Attack," Press Release (September 16, 1997).
143. National Parks Service, "Big Bend Air Quality Study Results Announced," News Release, May 4, 1998.
144. National Parks Service and U.S. EPA, Study Plan for Texas-Mexico Aerosol Characterization Study, 1-2.
145. The Carbon I plant, which began operation in the early 1980s, does not have particulate matter or sulfur dioxide controls, while Carb-n II, built in the late 1980s, does have an electrostatic precipitator to control particulate matter.
146. EPA, Proposed Regional Haze Regulations for Protection of Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas, Fact Sheet (July 1997).
147. EPA, Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, 9.
148. EPA, Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, 9.
149. EPA, Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, 9; EPA, 1995 National Air Quality: Status and Trends.
150. Texas House of Representatives, Engrossed Version S.B. 681 (1997).
151. GLO, EnviroNomics 1, no. 1 (spring 1992): 1.
152. EPA, Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, 12-13.
153. Keith Bradsher, "Light Trucks Increase Profits But Foul Air More than Cars," New York Times, November 30, 1997, A22.
154. EPA, "Clean Air: Cleaner Cars and Cleaner Gasoline," News Release, May 1, 1999.
155. TNRCC, Inspection/Maintenance State Implementation Plan for Dallas/Ft. Worth, El Paso and Houston Ozone Non-Attainment Areas (1997), 2-3.
156. Texas House of Representatives, Engrossed Version S.B. 681 (1997).
157. TNRCC, Revisions
to the State Implementation Plan for the Substitute of the Federal Clean Fuel Fleet Program (July 24, 1996), 23.
158. Texas Comptroller
of Public Accounts (TCPA), "Battle Lines Drawn on Transportation Funding," Fiscal Notes, June 1997, 5.
159. TCPA, "Battle Lines Drawn on Transportation Funding," 5.
160. TCPA, Notes, February 1994, 3.
161. Texas Department of Transportation, as reported in TCPA, Fiscal Notes, February 1994. Between 1994 and 1996, a total of $321.4 million were earmarked for congestion mitigation and air quality projects. The estimated total budget was more than $6 billion.
162. TCPA, "Battle Lines Drawn on Transportation Funding," 5. For example, under the National Economic Crossroads Transportation Efficiency Act (NEXTEA), which would replace ISTEA, Texas would gain about $1.3 billion per year over current funding levels, while under STEP 21 (the Streamlined Transportation Efficiency Program for the 21st Century), which would give more flexibility on how transportation money was spent, Texas would gain $1.9 billion per year.
163. Hall and Kerr, 1991-1992 Green Index, 21.
164. TCPA, Fiscal Notes, February 1994, 1.
165. TCPA, "Buses
and Beyond: Cities' Tactics Vary in Traffic Reduction and Clean Air Efforts," Fiscal Notes, June 1997, 1.
166. TCPA, "Buses and Beyond," 3.
167. TCPA, "Buses and Beyond," 3.
168. TCPA, "Buses and Beyond," 4.
169. GLO, The Texas Plan for Clean Air (August 1993), 2.
170. Texas House of Representatives, Engrossed Version S.B. 200 (1995).
171. The Texas Clean Fleet Program web page, September 1997.
172. Hazel Barbour, Mobile Source Division, TNRCC, phone interview by author, September 1997, Austin.
173. Texas House of Representatives, Engrossed Version of SB 681 (1997).
174. Railroad Commission of Texas, Alternative Fuels Division, information provided to author, 1994.
175. DePalma, "The Great Green Hope," C1.
176. DePalma, "The Great Green Hope," C6. Ford Motor Company recently announced that it had a goal of producing fuel cell cars by 2004. "Ford Signs Fuel-Cell Partnership," Austin American-Statesman, December 16, 1997, D1.
177. TNRCC, Petroleum Storage Tank Division, "Reported Underground Storage Tank Leaks, 1993," written information provided to author, 1994.
178. GLO, The Texas Plan for Clean Air, 7.
179. Dan Kelly, Alternative Fuels Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, interview by author, April, 1994.
180. GLO, information from Map of Alternative Fueling Stations in Texas, April 1994.
181. Railroad Commission of Texas, State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership, vol. 2, 9.
182. Railroad Commission of Texas, State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership, vol. 2, 9.
183. TNRCC, State Summary of Emissions Database, July 1997.
184. TNRCC, State Summary of Emissions Database, July 1997.
185. EPA, 1999 Toxics Release Inventory: Query run on TRI exlorer
186. TNRCC, "Texas
Drives National Pollution Prevention," News Release, May 13, 1999. These totals do not include more than 280 chemicals added to reporting requirements in the 1994 and 1995 reporting
years.
187. EPA, 2001 TRI, Query run October 2003)1995 Toxics Release Inventory.
188. Of the top 15
toxic chemicals released to the air in 1995 in Texas, the EPA had established an ambient maximum level only for benzene. The Safe Drinking Water Act, on the other hand, has established
maximum contaminant levels for public drinking water systems for 5 of the top 15 chemicals: toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, xylene, benzene, and styrene. For a full list of EPA regulated
chemicals under the Safe Drinking Water Act, see the chapter on Water Resources.
189. Marianne Brain
and Neil Carman, A Study of Upset Incidents in Industries in Texas (Austin: Lone Star Chapter of Sierra Club, August 1992), 2.
190. Brain and Carman, A Study of Upset Incidents, 2.
191. "Plant Managers
Forming Cooperatives to Prepare for Risk Management Rule," Environment Reporter 28, no. 6: 275.
192. Jeff Saitas, Office of Air Quality, TNRCC, information provided to author from Point Source Database, 1995.
193. EPA, 1997 National Air Quality Status and Trends, 14.
194. Center for
Global Studies, Houston Advanced Research Center and Energy Institute, University of Houston, Guide to Electric Power in Texas (1997), 1.
195. Texas Public Utility Commission, PUC Annual Report 1996 (1997), 5.
196. TNRCC, State Summary of Emissions Database, July 1997.
197. TNRCC, 1997 Emissions Inventory Database, 1999.
198. TNRCC, Revisions to the State Implementation Plan for Sulfur Dioxide in Milam County (1997).
199. EPA, Mercury Report to Congress, SAB Review Draft (June 1996).
200. NRDC, Benchmarking Air Emissions, 25.
201. TNRCC, "Results of Grandfathered Emissions Survey" (http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/air/care/eidata.html), 1999.
202. Bill Dawson, "Pollution Tied to Lack of Permits," Houston Chronicle, April 1, 1997.
203. Galveston-Houston Association
for Smog Prevention, and Lone Star Chapter of the Sierra Club, Grandfathered Air Pollution: The Dirty Secret of Texas Industries (Austin: Lone Star Chapter of Sierra Club, April 1998), 5.
204. Bill Dawson, "Plants without Permits Emit Much of Local Pollution," Houston Chronicle, April 6, 1997.
205. Dawson, "Pollution Tied to Lack of Permits."
206. TNRCC, "Results of Grandfathered Emissions Survey."
207. TNRCC, "Retirement Plan for the Grandfathered Exemption," National Outlook, spring 1998, 8.
208. TNRCC, "Retirement Plan for the Grandfathered Exemption," 7.
209. NRDC, Benchmarking Air Emissions, 32.
210. TACB, Special Purpose Ambient Air Monitoring, 13.
211. TACB, State Small Business Ombudsman, The Price of Clean Air (1993), 1.
212. TACB, The Price of Clean Air, 1.
213. TACB, Air Quality in Texas, 1992, 15. Although the air samples showed PM10 levels higher than national standards, they were based on an 8-hour sample, not on 24 hours on which the national standard is based. Also, agricultural sources are not subject to the same nuisance property-line regulations as are industrial sources.
214. TACB, Special Purpose Ambient Air Monitoring, 12.
215. TACB, Special
Purpose Ambient Air Monitoring, 12. These include studies in San Antonio, Garland, and three neighborhoods in Dallas. None of the sampling studies found lead levels above national standards.
216. TNRCC, 30 Texas Administrative Code, Chapter 116.117.
217. Marion Moses, "Diseases
Associated with Exposure to Chemical Substances - Pesticides," Maxy-Rosenau Public Health and Preventive Medicine, ed. John Last (East Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1986), as
cited in Benjamin Goldman, The Truth about Where You Live: An Atlas for Action on Toxins and Mortality (New York: Random House, 1991), 233.
218. John Sweeten, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Cattle Feedlot Waste Management Practices for Water and Air Pollution, # B-1671 (College Station: Texas A&M University System), 11-14.
219. Texas Institute
for Applied Environmental Research, Tarleton State University, Interim Report to the Joint Interim Committee on the Environment, 72nd Texas Legislature (Stephenville, September 1992), 65.
220. U.S. EPA, 2001 TRI Database, Query run on EPA TRI Explorer, October 2003)
221. US EPA, 1999 and 2001 Toxics Release Inventory, Query run on EPA TRIExplorer, October 2003).
222. TNRCC, State of the Texas Environment Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2003-2007, Volume 2, Table I and U.S. , National Air Quality and Emissions Trend Report, 2001 (Research Triangle Park, N.C., December 2002
223. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Latest Findings on National Air Quality: 2002 Status and Trends (August 2003), 19).
224. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clear Skies: Frequently Asked Questions, available at www.epa.gov/air/clearskies/faqs.html, accessed September 2003.
225. Emissions Banking Transactions, www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/permitting/airperm/banking/ebanktrans.htm), accessed October, 2003).
226. TNRCC, Mass Emission Cap & Trade Program (MECT), August 2002, 3).
227. TCEQ, "Implementing Emissions Banking and Trading under SB1561, January 2003).
228. Environmental Defense, Pollution Without Borders: How Power Plants in U.S.-Mexico Border States Threaten Human Health and the Environment, October 2003, 24. Report is available at www.environmentaldefense.org/go/borderenergy)
229. Robert Steaples, "TCEQ, Mobile Discrete Emission Reduction Credit Protocal,
Stolt-Nielsen Transportation Group," WAID, Austin Texas, May 16, 2003, 1.)
230. U.S. EPA, Latest Findings on National Air Quality: 2002 Status and Trends, August 2003, 3)
231. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Executive Director's Recommendation, 8-hour
Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard Designations, June 12, 2003).
232. TNRCC, State of the Texas Environment: Strategic Plan , Volume 2, page 21.)
233. U.S. EPA, AQS Database, Query run in October 2003)
234. TCEQ, "Implementing Emissions Banking and Trading under SB1561, January 2003).
235. Environmental Defense, Pollution Without Borders: How Power Plants in U.S.-Mexico
Border States Threaten Human Health and the Environment, October 2003, 24. Report is available at www.environmentaldefense.org/go/borderenergy)
236. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AQS Database Query, October 2003).
237. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Executive Director's Recommendation, 8-hour Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard Designations, June 12, 2003
238. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Executive Director's Recommendation, 8-hour
Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard Designations, June 12, 2003)
239. TNRCC, State of Texas Visibility Protection SIP, Periodic Review and Report, June 2001
240. U.S. EPA, Query Run on IMPROVE Network Database, October 2003).
241. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fact Sheet: Final Regional Haze Regulations for
Protection of Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas, June 2, 1999).*
242. U.S. EPA, Proposed Guidelines for BART Determinations under the Regional Haze Rule, June 22, 2001).
243. TNRCC, State of the Texas Environment: Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2003-2007, Volume 2 (2002), 23).
244. TNRCC, State of the Texas Environment: Strategic Plan, Fiscal Years 2003-2007, Volume 2 (2002), 27).
245. U.S. EPA, 2001 Toxics Release Inventory, TRIExplorer Query, October 2003).
246. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, AirData Monitoring, Query run in October 2003)
247. TDH, Texas Voluntary Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Government Buildings, December 22, 2002)
248. (TDH, "New Texas Law Regarding Mold-Related Activities, October 8, 2003, available on TDH Website).
249. (EIA, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United State 2001, 2003).
250. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S., 2001).
251. U.S. EPA, 2002 Acid Rain Database, 2003).
252. Energy Information Administration, Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emission Reporting and
Reduction Program, information from website, October 2003)
253. U.S. EPA, National Air Quality Findings: Status and Trends, 2002, 26).
254. U.S. EPA, information from website, http://www.epa.gov/air/ozone/index.html).
255. TCEQ, TERP: Report to the 78th Legislature, Executive Summary, December 2002)
256. Legislative Budget Board, Fiscal Note HB 1365 Senate Committee Report, April 22, 2003).
257. TCEQ, TERP Emission Reduction Incentive Grants Program, Applications Recommended for Funding, FY 2003).
258. TCEQ, TERP: Report to the 78th Legislature, Executive Summary, December 2002)
259. Legislative Budget Board, Fiscal Note HB 1365 Senate Committee Report, April 22, 2003)
260. TCEQ, TERP Emission Reduction Incentive Grants Program, Applications Recommended for Funding, FY 2003).
261. TCEQ, "Permitting Grandfathered Facilities," Available on website (http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/permitting/airperm/grandfathered/index.html)
262. U.S. EPA, 2001 Toxics Release Inventory, 2003)
263. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fact Sheet: Final Regional Haze Regulations for
Protection of Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas, June 2, 1999
264. The TCEQ has to the EPA that San Antonio, Austin and Longview have thier status
deferred while ozone flexible agreements are being instituted. Still, based on the data for the last three years, these areas do no meet the eight-hour ozone standards. Similarly, both El
Paso and Houston would be in violation of the PM 2.5 standards, while Corpus Christi is right at the limit. U.S. EPA, AQS Data, Query run October 2003).
265. TCEQ, Chapter 115, Rule 2002-012-115-AI, 2002)
266. TNRCC, Strategic Plan: State of The Texas Environment, Air Quality (2002), p. 14.)
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